AMERICAN STUDIES Winter 1988 Vol. 2, No. 4 CONTENTS FROM "NUCLEAR DETERRENCE ONLY" TO "WAR-FIGHTING DETERRENCE": EVOLUTION OF U.S. NUCLEAR STRATEGY SINCE 1960s Zhang Jingyi & Song Jiuguang (7) Looking at the three components of U.S. nuclear strategy (the declaratory policy, employment policy and force development policy), the authors analyze the how and why of the transition of U.S. nuclear strategy from "deterrence only" to "war-fighting deterrence." A critique of the Reagan Administration's nuclear strategy is also offered. ? ENERGY AND ECONOMY IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE THE ENERGY CRISIS Mao Yushi (28) The essay discusses U.S. energy production and consumption, its relations with the world market and the changes of U.S. energy structure in response to energy price fluctuations since 1973. It is argued that the policy of oil price regulation failed to solve the energy problem in the mid-70s, and that as long as the United States maintains a flexible economic structure, it would help prevent a third world energy crisis in the future. DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS OF INTERSTATE BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES Jing Xuecheng (54) The traditional banking system in the United States was the "one-office-bank". Since the beginning of this century, and especially in recent years, interstate banking has enjoyed rapid growth. Problems of the old system, the new technological revolution and the economic development are the three reasons for this growth. Issues relating to further development of interstate banking are also discussed. BLACK RENAISSANCES IN THE UNITED STATES Shi Xianrong (73) A study of the three Black Renaissances in the United States: the first in the 1840s and 1850s; the second, the so-called Harlem Renaissance, in the 1920s; and the third in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Special stress is placed on the Black Power, Black Aesthetic and Black Cultural Nationalism of Black Militants in the 1960s. THOUGHTS ON WILLA CATHER'S REPRESENTATVE WORK O, PIONEERS Zi Zhongyun (89) Simplicity, honesty, deepness and loftiness are the qualities in O, Pioneers discovered by the reviewer (also the Chinese translator of the book) through a unique perspective. These qualities come from a deeply-felt love of the land and the tenacious will to fight the nature. The heroine is the personification of these qualities, and her peioneering spirit is the cream of American culture. THE HIPPIES --- A SUBCULTURE IN REBELLION Wen Yang (95) Twenty years ago, the United States witnessed the rebellion of its younger generation. These angry young people, known as the "Hippies', turned their backs upon the mainstream U.S. culture and formed their own "Hippie-culture" with its own set of values, moral codes and way of life. The Hippiedom, with its ups and downs, helps explain U.S. culture in the last two decades. ON THE NEW RIGHT Liu Xuyi & Hu Jinping (113) A discussion of the rise of the New Right since mid-70s, covering among other things its basic ideological positions and its differences from the Old Right and Neoconservatism. The authors contend that although the views of the New Right have not been translated into the dominant policies of the government, the movement's influence on American politics is both great and enduring. WOODROW WILSON AND THE ARMED INTERVENTION IN THE SOVIET UNION Zhang Zhenqiang (135) Traditionally, most Soviet and Chinese historians think that Woodrow Wilson was an active organizer of the Allied countries' armed intervention in the Soviet Union in 1918-1920. Relying on the documents of the Soviet government at the time, the author advances a different view. He argues that Wilson at first tried to prevent the intervention and when that failed Wilson made the U. S. role in the intervention a relatively passive one compared with other countries. AMERICAN STUDIES, a quarterly, is published jointly by the Chinese Association for American Studies, and the Institute of American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The content of the articles in this journal should not be construed as reflecting the views either of the Association or the Institute.