（全文见PDF版） 美国研究 AMERICAN STUDIES QUARTERLY 季刊第22卷2008年第3期9月5日出版 “极化”的美国政治：神话还是现实？（张业亮） 政治取向与美国对华政策（彼得·海斯·格里斯、H.迈克尔·克劳森） “克里奥化”：对全球“美国化”现象的一种解释（王晓德） 美国对解决台湾问题的政策取向（林冈） 美国与东亚能源安全（罗振兴） 美国对印度尼西亚军政关系民主化改革的影响（仇朝兵） 美国对海底权利的诉求与国内利益的平衡（王金强、王蔚） ——以海底界限的争论为中心（1969~1972） 〇书评·文评 探究国际秩序建构的逻辑（门洪华） ——《大战胜利之后》述评 美国外交政策的思维定式（李枏） ——评周琪主编的《意识形态与美国外交》 〇信息 “中美关系与国际格局学术研讨会”综述（魏红霞） 著述巡礼 编后 AMERCIAN STUDIES QUARTERLY Volume 22, Number 3, Fall 2008 Huang Ping Hu Guocheng Zhao Mei Wei Hongxia Lu Ning Liu Hui Mei Renyi Li Hui Qin Qin Editor Associate Editor Managing Editor Editorial Assistant Editorial Assistant Editorial Assistant English Polisher Editorial Technician Proofreader Senior Advisers Chen Baosen, Wang Jisi, Zi Zhongyun Editorial Board Chu Shulong, Ding Xinghao, Gu Guoliang, He Shunguo, Ji Hong, Jin Canrong, Li Daokui, Li Jianming, Li Xiaogang, Liang Maoxin, Mao Yushi, Mei Renyi, Ni Feng, Ni Shixiong, Qin Yaqing, Ren Donglai, Ruan Zongze, Sheng Ning, Tao Wenzhao, Wang Xi, Wang Yizhou, Wang Zihong, Wu Baiyi, Xu Hui, Yang Jiemian, Yuan Ming, Zhang Yuyan, Zhou Qi, Zhu Shida AERMICAN STUDIES QUARTERLY is published jointly by the Chinese Association for American Studies and the Institute of American Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. The content of the articles in this journal should not be construed as reflecting the views of either the Association or the Institute. MANUSCRIPTS SHOULD BE SENT TO: American Studies Quarterly at the Institute of American Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Addr. Dong Yuan, No. 3 Zhang Zizhong Rd., Beijing 100007, China). SUSCRIPTIONS: Call (8610) 6400-0071 Fax: (8610) 6400-0021 Email: mgyjjk@gmail.com http://www.mgyj.com ISSN1002-8986Copyright 1987-2008 American Studies Quarterly Printed in Beijing, China AMERICAN STUDIES QUARTERLY Fall 2008, Vol. 22, No. 3 ARTICLES “Polarization” of American Politics: Myth or Reality? (Zhang Yeliang) “Political polarization,” especially polarization of party politics, is an outstanding feature in American politics for more than ten years. It is also an issue of concern and controversy in the American political science circle in the past few years. Based on a historical survey of American “political polarization,” this article discusses the cause of “political polarization” and its impact on current American political process and public policy decisionmaking. The article holds that the change in electoral structure and the two parties electoral base as a result of “permanent secular realignment,” the congruence of ideology within the two parties leading to party sorting of the electorate and the rise of conflict of cultural, religious and moral values are the major causes of political polarization. “Political polarization” of the two parties is the result of the change in American party and electoral politics, which in turn exerts a strong impact on American party and electoral politics. With the political environment of “polarization,” the increase in disagreement of the two parties over major policy areas, the intensification of struggle between the president and the congress over legislative control and judicial appointment, resulting in more and more deadlocks in legislation, “polarization” poses a challenge to current theories of American politics. Political Orientation and US China Policy (Peter Hays Gries and H. Michael Crowson) It is well known that the Democratic and Republican parties are both internally divided on China. Much less is known, however, about how the political orientation of typical Americans impacts their perceptions of Chinas rise, attitudes towards the Chinese government, prejudice against the Chinese people, and preferred US China policies. National opinion polls have generally lacked a sufficient quantity of nuanced questions about China to discern any impact of political orientation. Based on their own surveys, the authors find that political orientation does impact American views of China. Selfreported “conservatives” perceive significantly greater threat in Chinas rise, hold more negative views of the Chinese government, exhibit more prejudice against the Chinese people, and advocate a much tougher US China policy than selfreported “liberals” do. In terms of party affiliation, Republicans perceive significantly greater threat from China and advocate tougher China policies than both Independents and Democrats do, but party affiliation had no impact on prejudice scores. Simultaneous multiple regressions including education/income, gender, and age revealed that while they had some impact on American views of China, that impact was negligible compared to the impact of political orientation. “Creolization”: An interpretation of Global “Americanization”(Wang Xiaode) In the history of world cultural exchange of the 20th century, no other factor has greater impact on the development of other cultures than American popular culture. “Americanization” poses a serious challenge to many countries in their defense of national cultural identity. The phenomenon of “Americanization” reflects the attempt of the United States to reshape the multicultural world with its own value system, with a clear “cultural centrism.” Scholars analyze the global trend of “Americanization” from various angles, of which “Creolization” is an eyecatching approach. Based on a survey of the global “ Americanization” trend in the 20th century, the article analyzes the background against which “Creolization” appears and its basic content. The article also analyzes the existence of cultural “Creolization” in real life. The article holds that the “Creolization” approach may not be perfect, but it is enlightening in viewing “Americanization” from a totally new perspective. The Policy Orientation of American Approach towards the Taiwan Issue (Lin Gang) The policy position of the United States toward the relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait is centered on “no unification, no independence,” swinging between peaceful unification and peaceful secession. Citing the examples of American acquiescence with the prospect of peaceful unification of China at the beginning of the normalization of SinoAmerican relations and the encouragement of political negotiations between the two sides at the turn of the 21st century, the article explains that there exists a positive relationship between the two variables of the degree of American acceptance of unification between the two sides of the Strait and political negotiations and the demand for strategic cooperation between the United States and China and the degree of tensions between the two sides. That is to say, the greater the need for American strategic cooperation with China on global affairs, the easier its acceptance of Chinas peaceful unification; and the more intense the relations between the two sides, the greater the possibility of American urging for political dialogue between the two sides of the Strait. The United States and Energy Security in East Asia (Luo Zhenxing) The United States is one of the major external factors influencing East Asian energy security. In terms of safeguarding the sea lanes for transportation and ensuring global energy security, American influence on East Asian energy security is on the whole positive. But when it comes to American unilateral sanction and energy diplomacy, the influence is negative. In terms of the solution of energy conflict within the East Asian region, the current American position is beneficial to the restraint of various parties. But the changeability of its position may not be beneficial towards the final solution of the conflict. The goal of American energy policy toward East Asia is to bring the region into the global energy security system guided by the United States. The current focus is on the handling of USChina energy relations. Americas influence on the Democratic Reform of CivilMilitary Relations in Indonesia (Qiu Chaobing) In promoting a democratic reform of Indonesias civilmilitary relations, the administrative and legislative branches of American government and NGOs have all made their efforts. In high level contacts, the American government has constantly exerted diplomatic pressures on the Indonesian government and the military authorities for reform. The administrative branch, including the State Department, International Development Agency, Department of Defense and Department of Justice, has implemented a series of programs aiming at promoting institutional construction in Indonesian civilmilitary relations and cultivating the culture of democratic civilmilitary relations. The Congress, through legislative means or pressure on the administration, restrains American military aid to Indonesia and military relations between the two countries so as to push Indonesia to conduct reform in its civilmilitary relations through sanctions and pressures. The wide range and deep involvement of governmental departments and other organizations, to a great extent, promotes the democratic reform of Indonesian civilmilitary relations. U.S. Demand for Seabed Rights and the Balance of Domestic Interest (Wang Jinqiang and Wang Wei) The promulgation of US seabed policy depends, to a large extent, on the balancing of domestic interests. From the angle of political science theory of gaming between governmental departments and interest groups, the article makes an indepth analysis of the factors affecting the change in American policy of the sea. The article holds that the Truman Proclamation in 1945 was the first open statement on American seabed rights that ushered in the debate inside the United States on whether the U.S. should expand its continental shelf rights. From the disagreement on the broad or narrow definition of continental shelf between the Interior Department and the Defense Department to the debate among interest groups outside the government on economic interest and military interest, the divergence or convergence of interests determined the two changes of the Nixon administration on seabed definition. Finally, the United States handed the issue over to the United Nations and returned to the international ocean system. This reflected the position and rule of internal agencies and interest groups in the decisionmaking of American sea policy. REVIEWS A Probe into the Logic behind the Construction of International Order: A Review of After Victory by G. John Ikenberry (Men Honghua) The Thinking Pattern of American Foreign Policy: A Review of Ideology and American Diplomacy ed. by Zhou Qi (Li Nan) ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES A Summary of the Symposium on SinoUS Relations and the International Political Structure (Wei Hongxia) New Books Editor's Note Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life.